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Bose-Einstein condensate
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Bose-Einstein condensate

Some gases, when cooled to ultra-low temperatures, collectively achieve a new quantum state, the Bose-Einstein condensate.

duality
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Wave-particle duality

Every quantum object is both a particle, like a tennis ball, and some sort of wave, like a wave in the ocean.

Photoemission
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Photoemission and metals

Angle-resolved photoemission enables us to measure the energy and momentum of electrons inside matter.

spin
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The spin, a quantum magnet

Not only is the electron both a particle and a quantum wave, but it also carries a kind of mini magnet called spin.

Crystallography
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Crystallography and reciprocal lattice

Crystallography techniques enable us to measure the arrangement of atoms inside matter.

tunnel effect
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the tunnel effect

Sometimes quantum particles can go through walls, as if an invisible tunnel opened up before them!

Quantization
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Quantization : a discontinuous universe

In the quantum world, particles can only assume certain energies. Imagine a car that could only run at certain specific speeds and would directly accelerate from 30 to 50 mph! Why?

Metal
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Metals and insulators : the quantum difference !

In matter, electrons behave like quantum waves trapped in a box.

Atoms
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The atom, a box for electrons

The matter around us is made up of atoms.

Pump-probe
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Pump-probe technique

The pump-probe technique enables us to measure ultrafast phenomena inside matter such as the movement of atoms or electron excitations, thanks to very short laser pulses.

Graphene
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graphene

Graphene is an artificial carbon material with extraordinary properties, and it is made of only one layer of atoms.

STATE SUPERPOSITION
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STATE SUPERPOSITION AND DECOHERENCE

Some quantum systems, such as atoms, photons, or spins, can be in two simultaneous different states. We call these “Schrödinger’s cats”.

Laser
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The laser technology

Invented by physicists, the laser technology uses the quantum properties of atoms to emit a light of a special kind.

FLUORESCENT AND CONFOCAL
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Fluorescent and confocal microscopies

The fluorescence microscope allows to detect the presence and localization of fluorescent molecules in the sample. The confocal microscope is a specific fluorescent microscope that allows obtaining 3D images of the sample with good resolution.

SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE SEM
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SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE (SEM)

The Scanning Electron Microscope allows to get strongly magnified images of the surface of thick samples and to analyze their composition.

TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE TEM
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Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)

The Transmission Electron Microscope allows to get magnified images of very thin samples and to analyze their composition.

ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPE AFM
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ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPE AFM

The atomic force microscope allows to measure the topography of various materials down to atomic resolution.

POLARIZING MICROSCOPE
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Polarizing microscope

A polarizing microscope allows to image and characterize birefringent samples.

DARK FIELD AND PHASE CONTRAST
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Dark field and phase contrast microscopes

Dark field and phase contrast microscopes allow to observe transparent samples.

SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPE STM
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SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPE (STM)

The Scanning Tunneling Microscope allows to measure the topography of metals, the position of their atoms, and the electron characteristics in the metal.